Overall Picture of South Asian Countries in the Current Situation
Asia
is the heart of the contradictions of the contemporary world because:
it is home to the largest population in the world; class polarization
and the accumulation of class inequality (landless peasants and
informal labor) have intensified deeply; major imperialist powers
(U.S. imperialism, Russian imperialism, Chinese social-imperialism,
Japan, and India) have an active and potential presence; and at the
same time, national liberation, democratic, and Maoist movements are
active across the region.
The final Maoist analysis concludes that South Asia remains highly susceptible to peasant revolutions. Based on research conducted by the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan, the current situation of South Asian countries can be briefly summarized as follows:
Although during the year 2025 heavy losses were inflicted on the cadres of the Central Committee and dear comrades of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), and the pressure of the fascist Indian state on areas under party control has increased, the Communist Party of India (Maoist) has resolutely rebuilt its organizational structure and continues its activities based on the people’s war.
The people’s war led by the Communist Party of India (Maoist) remains active in the majority of forested and rural areas such as Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and other regions.
Due to the existence of deep class and national contradictions, India remains a “potential stage of the world revolution.” The hope of Maoist parties worldwide is that in 2026 this struggle will expand at the national level, focus on consolidating liberated zones, further develop the people’s war, and expand mass base areas.
First) India: (The Main Epicenter of Maoism in the Region)
According to the analysis of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), India is a “semi-colonial - semi-feudal” country, despite its apparent industrialization and democratic façade. Indian capitalism is not a national capitalism but a comprador capitalism dependent on global monopolies and multinational corporations, while the peasantry and working class continue to live in conditions of intensified poverty.
Second) Nepal
According to the analysis of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Nepal, the country is a “semi-colonial-semi-feudal” state. Due to the influence of India, U.S. imperialism, and Chinese social-imperialism, the people’s war—halted in 2006 through the “Prachanda Path”—must be relaunched.
In April 2023, the Revolutionary Communist Party of Nepal announced its existence through a press statement, declaring the ideological, political, and organizational unification into a single party under the name Revolutionary Communist Party of Nepal. Since then, it has maintained close relations with South Asian countries and Maoist parties.
According to the political report of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Nepal, prospects for restarting the people’s war in that country in 2026 are stronger, and it is expected to once again raise the red banner of revolution by taking up the people’s war.
Third) Bangladesh
According to the analysis of the Proletarian Party of Purbo Bangla (PBSP/Bangladesh) (M–L–M), Bangladesh is under the dual domination of U.S. imperialism and Indian imperialism. The ruling regime is a bourgeois–comprador regime, and the working and peasant masses continue to live in conditions of intensified poverty.
This party maintains a presence in rural areas under the slogan of people’s war—limited in scope but persistent and continuous.
Fourth) Pakistan
The Mazdoor Kisan Party of Pakistan (Workers and Peasants Party), as a revolutionary left organization with Maoist tendencies, operates in this country on a small scale. It regards Pakistan as a country dependent on imperialism—especially U.S. imperialism and Chinese social-imperialism—and marked by class, national, and ethnic contradictions. From the perspective of Pakistani Maoists, the contradictions between the army and the people, as well as between the central regions and other provinces (Balochistan, Sindh, Khyber), constitute factors for future explosions. If these challenges are utilized to their fullest extent, they could contribute to the expansion of revolutionary activities.
According to the political report presented to the congress of the Mazdoor Kisan Party, most of the party’s activities focus on theoretical work and propaganda–agitation among university students. In 2021, the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan emphasized the need to change the party’s name from Mazdoor Kisan (Workers and Peasants) to Communist Party in Pakistan. It also stressed the expansion of the party’s activities based on Maoist principles, the formation of armed guerrilla cells, military work, and political–military penetration within national movements inside Pakistan. Our hope is to strengthen the level of coordination in 2026 in order to better organize relations among Maoist parties in South Asia.
Fifth) Afghanistan
Under current conditions, Afghanistan is an arena of competition among imperialist and regional powers (the United States, China, Russia, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and Qatar). With the return to power of the Islamic Emirate in the year 1400 (2021), the country has remained a Colonial-semi-feudal state—albeit with a milder form of colonial domination than before—under the rule of a theocratic system of intense pan-Islamism.
Afghanistan is part of the revolutionary belt of colonial-semi-feudal countries in Asia, alongside India, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Turkey. These countries are considered weak links in the imperialist chain in the region.
The Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan will spare no effort to achieve the New Democratic Revolution in the country through preparations for launching and advancing a national-popular and revolutionary resistance war against the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and its international supporters.
The statute adopted at the Party’s Third National Congress explicitly states:
“The combat strategy of the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan for the victory of the New Democratic Revolution in the country is the strategy of People’s War.”
Sixth) Sri Lanka
The Communist Party of Sri Lanka, also known as the Communist Party of Ceylon, was one of the pioneering parties in the formation of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement. However, due to its failure to ensure the training of revolutionary successors within the party, it faced disintegration following the death of its founding leader. After the passing of one or two additional leaders, the entire party collapsed, and its name was even removed from the list of RIM members.
A splinter section of this party later adopted a parliamentary path and became known as the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), operating under the name Communist Party of Sri Lanka (Radical Left) with nationalist tendencies. Historically, there exists a deep ideological and political divide between Maoist parties worldwide and the radical left.
This front has played roles in significant events such as Aragalaya (the 2022 protest movement) and has also taken positions on religious and sectarian issues. It has participated in forming parts of coalition governments in the country.
Our hope is that through the convening of an international Marxist–Leninist–Maoist conference and the revival of the international communist movement in 2026, it will be possible to assist in the formation of Maoist nuclei in Sri Lanka. Based on conducted research, Maoist currents following the line of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism exist in the country, and we are striving to establish these connections as soon as possible.
Seventh) Bhutan
Until 2008, the state of Bhutan was an absolute monarchy, after which it transitioned to a constitutional monarchy. It has a highly controlled political system, with limited, non-ideological, and predominantly centrist political parties. Due to its small population, traditional state structure based on Buddhist culture, and strict political control, all forms of communist ideological activity are prohibited. As a result, no communist nuclei have fundamentally emerged in the country.
Eighth) Maldives
This country, also a small island state with a limited population, is governed by a theocratic political system under Sunni Islam. Practically all forms of secular, radical, and communist activities are prohibited. Therefore, due to its socio-political structure, the conditions have not been favorable for the propagation and promotion of communism.
Thus, it can be observed that under current conditions, the countries of South Asia—from India to Afghanistan and the Maldives—are tightly bound to the imperialist political strategy of the so-called “New World Order,” which serves as a coercive global imperialist political strategy and is being implemented and advanced as an essential component of that order.
Overall Picture of West Asia (Middle East) in the Current Situation
second part The core of the Middle East (West Asia) consists of Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Turkey. Egypt is geographically part of Africa but politically considered part of the Middle East. Cyprus is sometimes classified as a European country and at other times as part of West Asia.
Among these, the Communist Party of Turkey (Marxist–Leninist) exists in Turkey and maintains close ties with Maoist parties worldwide. It possesses armed guerrilla cells and, despite intense security pressure, operates in a very limited capacity as a symbol of the survival of Maoism in the region.
In Iraq and Syria, revolutionary activities also exist but are extremely limited. The Communist Party of Iraq (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist) operates in a completely clandestine and restricted manner, primarily as theoretical circles. It currently lacks armed nuclei but maintains relations with Maoist parties worldwide. However, contact with Syrian revolutionaries has not yet been established, and efforts are ongoing to build such connections.
In Lebanon and Palestine, revolutionaries similarly engage in limited activities. We hope to establish relations with Maoists in both countries.
The Communist Party of Iran (M–L–M), since following Bob Avakian’s New Synthesis and deviating onto an erroneous path, no longer has an effective political presence inside Iran. However, a splinter group is attempting to form a party, and we hope that in 2026—through the convening of an international Maoist conference—we will witness the revitalization of Maoist activities both inside and outside the country.
Overall Picture of Central Asia in the Current Situation
Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan—classified as
Central Asian countries—currently have no effective mass-based or
armed Maoist parties, according to Maoist global analysis.
In Tajikistan, following the civil war of the 1990s, all radical parties were banned, and revolutionary groups were either exiled or completely suppressed. However, very small and scattered intellectual circles still exist.
Uzbekistan similarly exhibits no space for independent party activity due to strict state repression, limiting activity to academic and individual study.
Turkmenistan is one of the most closed political systems in the world, and unfortunately Maoism has not developed even at the level of propaganda.
Overall Picture of Southeast Asia in the Current Situation
Southeast
Asia consists of ASEAN member states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,
the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma),
and Brunei, as well as Timor-Leste, which is not an ASEAN member.
Among all these countries, only the Philippines, Indonesia, and Myanmar have Maoist activities or Maoist parties. The Communist Party of the Philippines is the largest Maoist party in Southeast Asia and operates on the basis of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and people’s war.
The Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) was once among the largest communist parties in the world but was not Maoist. After 1965, it faced brutal repression and was reduced to clandestine intellectual circles. According to the latest information received in April 2025, this party is attempting to expand guerrilla activities through adventurist and Che Guevarist methods. In response to a letter from the Communist Party of Indonesia, the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan critically evaluated their activities. We hope that through an international conference of Maoist parties, we can fulfill our role in the international two-line struggle.
In Myanmar, revolutionary activities exist only in very limited forms, mainly small revolutionary groups operating on general Marxist–Leninist principles.
In Cambodia, the historical experience of the Khmer Rouge has generated deep social hostility toward all forms of revolutionary left politics—whether Marxist or Maoist—effectively preventing their resurgence.
Thus, in Southeast Asia, only the Philippines has a living, active, and functioning Maoist party.
Overall Picture of East Asia in the Current Situation
East
Asia includes China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and
Mongolia. If living Maoism exists today, it is found not primarily in
East Asia but rather in South Asia (India) and Southeast Asia (the
Philippines). However, small Maoist nuclei have emerged in China. The
latest letter received from a Maoist nucleus in China in April 2025
indicated limited activities. We are pleased to have established
relations with this Maoist nucleus and hope to expand these relations
throughout 2026.
Following the rise of Trump, the coercive imperialist global political strategy for a so-called “New World Order” has intensified through various methods aimed at transforming “non-compliant” countries under domination into obedient and submissive states. These methods include intimidation, co-optation, bribery, political pressure, economic sanctions, “orange revolutions,” repression, military interventions, fomenting separatism, and openly launching aggressive and occupation wars—constituting the practical mechanisms of this imperialist strategy.
During 2025, this coercive imperialist strategy toward “disobedient” regimes assumed violent military and non-military forms, while toward “friendly” regimes of U.S. imperialism it was implemented gradually and with tolerance. This trend toward intensified imperialist redivision of the world under the “New World Order,” aimed at preserving the authoritarian hegemony of unrestrained U.S. imperialism amid fierce competition with other imperialist powers and Chinese social-imperialism, is expected to intensify further in 2026. The economic foundation of this strategy—alongside U.S. imperialist military strategy and its allies—is the extreme intensification of neoliberal imperialist economic globalization.
Under current global conditions, ongoing revolutionary wars (India, the Philippines, Turkey) constitute strategic anchors and pillars of revolutionary struggles and, specifically, of the proletarian revolution. The existence and militant activities of Marxist–Leninist–Maoist parties and organizations worldwide—some deeply engaged in preparations for launching and advancing people’s war—and efforts to establish new proletarian M–L–M parties demonstrate that waves of proletarian revolution, although significantly weakened compared to the period of revolutionary China, have not disappeared and continue to exist.
As long as international Marxist–Leninist–Maoist struggles persist to revive proletarian revolutionary waves—and as long as revolutionary optimism and confidence in future advances remain—declaring the end of proletarian revolutionary waves amounts to stabbing these struggles and hopes in the back. The principal global contradiction—between imperialist powers and the oppressed peoples and nations of the world—remains fully intact.
Summary of General Conclusions
In summary, based on all the above:
Despite significant changes and transformations in recent decades, the world remains in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolutions. We are neither in a post-imperialist era nor, even less so, in a post-capitalist era.
The continued operation of major global contradictions—between imperialism and oppressed nations and peoples; between the proletariat and bourgeoisie in imperialist and capitalist countries; and among imperialist powers themselves—all rooted in the fundamental contradiction of capitalism between socialized production and private appropriation, clearly demonstrates this undeniable reality.
Under current global conditions, the principal contradiction is between imperialism and oppressed nations and peoples. However, the other two contradictions are also intensifying.
Although the contradiction between imperialism and socialism temporarily retreated from the world stage after the overthrow of socialism in China and its restoration of capitalism, proletarian and popular struggles under the leadership of Marxist–Leninist–Maoist communists continue. Proletarian revolutionary waves, though severely weakened, have not disappeared and can deepen and expand further.
The division of the world into imperialist countries and countries under imperialist domination—resulting in two components of the proletarian revolution: socialist revolution in imperialist countries and national liberation, specifically New Democratic Revolution, in oppressed countries—continues to define the dual character of today’s world.
The inescapable necessity of resolving the fundamental contradiction of the contemporary world—overthrowing the imperialist-capitalist world system based on exploitation and oppression and advancing New Democratic and socialist revolutions toward a global classless communist society—has grown stronger and more urgent.
The Marxist–Leninist–Maoist slogan “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun”, meaning the principle of violent revolution and the strategy of people’s war, remains the decisive, non-negotiable, and fundamental revolutionary strategy for proletarian revolutionaries worldwide. So-called peaceful and non-violent strategies are nothing but revisionist illusions intended to deceive the masses and revolutionaries of the world.
Long live proletarian internationalism!
Long live Marxism–Leninism–Maoism!
May the great red banner of Marxist–Leninist–Maoist proletarian revolutions fly high!
Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
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