
‘No
Women, No History -Women in Indian Movements’
marks a landmark documentation of the historic role played by women
in Movements in India and the cutting Edge of Maoism
‘No
Women No History-Women in Indian Movements’
by V.Gargi, published by Virasam Books, encapsulates and chronicles
the participation of women in movements in India , dissecting the
19th
and 20th
Centuries, in addition to the contemporary movements. The book adopts
a broad based and non -sectarian outlook and approach, which is
praiseworthy. In it’s own right a landmark work exploring and
diagnosing role of women in shaping struggles to transform society in
India.
Such
movements can be characterized as distinguishing from the many
regressive, religious and chauvinistic movements. which propelled the
society to advance forward. and dismantle many feudal chains
mercilessly binding Indian women for centuries. They personify the
democratic awakening of the people of India and serve as a testament
that direct action is the principal catalyst in liberating women and
only the praxis of class struggle can transform the oppressive
relations prevalent in the society., which no amount of preaching can
achieve.
The
book has fused together general movements with women’s struggles to
explore the role of women in transforming the society and it’s
conditions. This ignites the identity of women and links the factor
of woman’s oppression not only with what they face as women, but as
peasants, workers, artisans and citizens. They remind us of struggles
waged on women’s issues as part of general movements and epitomize
that for establishing women’s liberation it is imperative to wage
resistance against every form of exploitation.
Features
of Book
The
book explores how power is a vital tool for women’s emancipation
and how for brief periods the communist led peasant movements
empowered the masses and the women. It also diagnosed the additional
steps to be taken to ignite women’s agenda in the movement to
orchestrate their liberation.
The
chapters also make a statement that women can be very capable
leaders, and at times better than men. They symbolize how centuries
of oppression of women hindered the number of women leading movements
and how changes in women’s lives will be radical or permanent only
when they are allotted the task of leading movements. They highlight
factor of extent to which women control proceedings and not merely
their token participation.
The
book diagnoses the necessity of women battling patriarchy in the
revolutionary movement to establish their rightful place in history
and that the anti-patriarchal struggle is inseparable from the
movement for emancipation as a whole.
The
study penetratively examines the theoretical and practical problems
faced by women, and in formulating appropriate tactics for the
women’s movement.
The
chapters encompass and dissect the mass rebellions waged against
British rule, and it’s socio-economic impact by the Adivasis for
evicting them from their homeland, Social Reforms movement, the role
played by dalit women to engineer anti-caste movements highly placed
minority women from Christian and Muslim communities. Women in
national revolutionary movement, Dalit, peasant, minority and tribal
women in Communist led armed struggles, Autonomous women’s
movement, ecological movements, North East Movements, Contemporary
Women’s movements etc.
Most
notable aspects are of how women engineered a rupture from past
conventions alienating them from revolutionary struggles and made a
transition into securing leadership in historic uprisings lie
Telangana and Naxalbari.
Women
Role in Peasant Uprisings
Extensive
coverage is given encapsulating the heroic actions of women to ignite
the Telangana Struggle of 1946-51 in their villages and homes,
playing stellar roles as couriers, even donning male attire. With
high craft women engineered selling clothes and spreading words of
courage among general public after arrest of leaders, going to the
extent of even sewing messages on children’s undergarments. Women
undertook mission sof transporting weapons, letters, travelling alone
at night, with the revolt having a liberating effect on them.
It
narrated how during Naxalbari peasant uprising women stood at the
forefront, with seven women falling martyrs like Dhaneshwari Singh,
Sanamati Singh, Pulmati Singh and Surabala Barman. Later recounted
the pivotal part played by women in Srikakulam armed struggle like
Panchadi Nirmala, who with death defying courage, successfully
combated the police attacks and arrests, particularly in Gumma and
Pedakaraja.Women played a supportive role in keeping the hunted
guerilla squads afloat. supplying men with food and water, facing the
harshest perils.It also recollected how in the formative stages in
1967, women beat up goondas after being molested in a conference at
Levidi village.
A
compelling narrative is written on the resistance waged by the
Peoples Organization Women and Viplava Mahila Sangham in Telangana
and Andhra Pradesh. and the Nari Mukti Sangh in Bihar and Jharkhand.
Instances are reported heroic integration of women in carrying food
and water to armed squads in Akbarpur in 1987, protecting peasant
cadres at Arwal in 1986 during the police firing, successfully
thwarting sabotage bid of landlords to break their strike at Karpa
carrying only sickles and scythes. snatching rifles at Palamau when
police tried to block their picking of Mahua flowers, a massive raid
on the house of landlord Ramanand Yadav, retrieving of a dead body
from the police at Jehanabad after a protest, and launching an attack
on a police van with rocks to free cadres. Participation in several
protest rallies, mass actions through crop seizures, land
occupations, struggles for better wages and in staging resistance in
securing equal pay for equal work, right to land ownership, proper
construction of village wells etc.
Nari
Muti Sangh and Krantikari Mahila Adivasi Sanghatana
A
compelling narrative is written on the resistance waged by the
Peoples Organization Women and Viplava Mahila Sangham in Telangana
and Andhra Pradesh. and the Nari Mukti Sangh in Bihar and Jharkhand
It
dissected and summarized the character of the movement organized by
Nari Mukti Sangh, navigating the ant-feudal struggled, issues taken
up like child marriage, dowry, Sexual harassment, anti-liquor
struggles, health problems, equal wages for equal work, superstitions
and witchcraft, saving forests etc. It praised the death-defying
resistance of the NMS in retaliating state repression at its darkest
point.
An
incisive coverage was given encapsulating the contribution of the
Viplava Mahila Sangham in Telangana’s in spheres of wages,
anti-arrack struggles, equal wages, etc. Also highlighted the role of
Krantikari Mahila Adivasi Sanghatana in engaging women in struggles
against oppressive customs like forced marriages to make use of
physical force to marry against wishes almost redundant. It navigates
the entry of the Peoples War group squads to start work from scratch
in Dandakaranya region. It historically traced and navigated the
blossoming of the KAMS, making a transition from a bunch of
disjointed revolutionary activists into a full-fledged organization.
Cultural
Front
A
brief summary is given of the pivotal role played by women in shaping
cultural movements and organizations recounting history of Jana Natya
Mandali,Chetana Natya Manch, Krantikari Sanskritik Sangh, Women’s
Struggles in jail.
Trade
Union Movement
A
praiseworthy assessment is made of the women’s work in shaping the
Chhattisgarh Mines Shramik Sangh in the strike of 1977 and 1981
protest to release Union leaders. There is a descriptive coverage of
organization of women workers during British rule, landscaping the
1928 strike of Textile Workers, Calcutta Scavengers Strike, strike of
Bengal Jute Mill workers, Bengal pottery workers strike, 1920 Madurai
Mill Strike, Tamil Nadu Kerosene workers, South India Railway Workers
Strike, Warli Revolt and most important Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in
1946, etc. It mentions role of Ushatai Dange,wife of CPI leader
SA.Dange, who organized the 1934 strike and earlier in 1928 organized
the encirclement of the mill office by seven hundred women workers.
Women leaders also mentioned were Meenakshi Sane of CPI in Sholapur
and Shante Balerao of AITUC.
It
discussed the revolutionary urban women’s movement led by in Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh among the poor working-class women in
factories and slums, students, intellectuals, on issues like dowry
deaths, sexual harassment, rape,
commodification of women’s bodies, Hindu communalism, beauty
contests, water scarcity etc. They also launched sustained campaigns
against WTO, 1MF and World Bank and at the very root challenge the
values orchestrated by the semi-feudal, semi-colonial state, which
perpetuated patriarchy.
Nav
Nirman and anti-price rise movement
The
book covered the impactful anti-price rise movement from 1967 to 1975
and other road-based struggles like Nav Nirman agitation, Struggles
in Dhulia region of Maharashtra around land distribution and higher
wages etc, and women’s resistance waged against Emergency.
Criticisms
and Conclusive analysis.
The
conclusion analyses the distinctive aspect of the guidance of
Marxist-Leninist Maoist ideology in struggles as well as showcased
the distinctive character of struggles led by Maoist revolutionary
organizations and gives credibility to path of New Democratic
Revolution. The book was critical of the role of the Communist Party
of India during the Tebhaga Struggle in 1946, in negating women’s
role in revolution, not preparing any separate policy paper or taking
any concrete steps to organize them and thus discouraging women from
joining the movement. The reasons given were that women were weak,
integrating them in movements would ferment social tensions and
engineer divorces. ignoring aspects like patriarchy.
A
critical evaluation is made of Mahatma Gandhi’s role and views. It
diagnosed that Gandhi analyzed oppression of women as an abstract
moral phenomenon, failing to understand it’s social and historical
relations. It narrated how Gandhi’s innovation of the spinning
wheel turned into a weapon for a woman to participate in apolitical
movement from home. It analyzed Gandhi’s orientation as upholding
an urbanized middle class upper caste Hindu male’s perspective of
a woman, not making a rupture from the middle-class reformers of the
19th
century. It recognized Swadeshi and spinning wheel as a n instrument
to orchestrate involvement of women without switching the terian of
the movement. However, this created a new arena of women planted at
home, barred from activity outside. Gandhi reconstructed a new model
of women based on the Hindu widow who can serve the nation, only if
she rejects sex,reproduction and family life. Concluded that Gandhi
turned al the energies of women into a purely reformist programme,
assigning them role assigned in a traditional Hindu society.
Harsh
Thakor is a freelance journalist